L’AFRIQUE EN QUÊTE D’UNE CROISSANCE ECONOMIQUE QUI NE CRÉE PAS DE L’EMPLOIS…
Les pays africains réalisent depuis plusieurs années les plus fortes croissances économiques du monde. (Plus de 8% pour la Côte d’Ivoire, plus de 7% en Tanzanie, plus de 7% au Rwanda, plus de 6% pour l’Éthiopie) pour ne citer que ces quelques pays en tête de peloton.
Les performances économiques du Continent n’ont jamais été aussi bonnes. Malgré cette prouesse, la mention finale des Institutions financières internationales et autres organismes de notation est peu élogieuse. PMF « Peut mieux faire ». Une manière de dire que ces performances économiques restent très insuffisantes pour faire face aux défis et aux besoins en matière de création d’emplois et d’amelioration des conditions de vie des populations.
Alors à quoi sert-il à nos ministres des finances de courrir de manière effrénée derrière les chiffres d’une croissance économique qui de toutes les façons ne sont pas le paramètre déterminant qui changera le visage économique de l’Afrique.
Plusieurs études se sont penchées sur les difficultés structurelles des économies africaines à améliorer les conditions de vie des populations ainsi qu’à favoriser une intégration plus massive des jeunes sur le marché du travail. La pauvreté et la misère sont si rampantes et si incrustées qu’il faut actionner plusieurs leviers en même temps, pour espérer voir les lignes bougées. Pour ce qui est de l’emploi, le principal handicap s’appelle déficit de compétitivité, notamment face à la concurrence industrielle asiatique.
Dans le secteur des industries manufacturières tous secteurs confondus, les prix de production sont de l’ordre de deux à trois fois plus chers qu’en Asie. Dans ces conditions, les délocalisations industrielles qui ont fait la fortune de la Chine et continuent de faire celle d’autres pays asiatiques et qui surtout consomment une main d’oeuvre massive ne sont pas prêtes de prendre leurs quartiers en Afrique.
Faible compétitivité, coût élevé des facteurs de production, inexistence des infrastructures de base, fiscalité asphyxiante, une main d’oeuvre très peu qualifiée. Nos pays concentrent tous les maux qui plombent leur développement industriel.
L’Afrique pâtit également de la « faible diversification de sa production ». Pour l’essentiel, la production africaine se limite aux matières premières (agriculture et au secteur minier). Autrement dit, les moteurs de la croissance africaine, sont ancrés dans l’export de matières premières brutes. Des fèves de café plutôt que du café transformé, des matières premières minières plutôt que des métaux transformés. Etc.
Comment espérer prendre son envol économique et s’affirmer dans le concert des nations avec autant de fragilités ? Comment espérer avec un mode économique aussi dépassé.créer suffisamment d’emplois pour insérer des millions de jeunes qui atterrissent annuellement sur le marché de l’emploi ? Il est plus que temps, que nos pays s’affranchissent du modèle économique coloniale qui a toujours cours, pour se réinventer et se repositionner dans un monde qui fonctionne differemment.
Les décideurs doivent avancer sur cette question et sur bien d’autres avec pour ambition de bâtir un continent mieux arrimé à l’économie mondiale. C’est d’ailleurs une des clés pour accroître la richesse qui, si elle est bien redistribuée aidera à améliorer de manière notable les conditions de vie de nos populations.
Le préalable, c’est de régler de toute urgence et à plus grande échelle les questions d’éducation, de compétitivité, de spécialisation, de transformation des matières premières et donc de création de valeurs ajoutées.
Contrairement à la vision simpliste qui confine l’Afrique ad vitam aeternam dans un rôle d’exportateur de produits tropicaux et des ressources minières, le Continent doit amorcer sa révolution industrielle.
Le Bénin qui reste un désert et même un « désastre » industriel, si on inventorie les unités industrielles qui ont mis la clé sous le paillasson ces quatre dernière décennies, ce pays a un énorme retard à rattraper.
Il faut faire un tour dans nos supermarchés et scruter leurs rayons pour se rendre compte de l’ampleur de notre dépendance dans quasiment tpus les domaines. Il est vraiment plus que temps d’arrêter de tout importer dans ce pays en ce début de troisième millénaire. Mieux, manufacturer sur place nos produits de consommation courante et les plus élémentaires est sans doute la voie royale pour nous développer et pour infléchir la courbe du chômage.
Une autre piste qui mérite toute l’attention de nos gouvernants. C’est de faire désormais en sorte que les exportations de ressources générent plus d’emplois locaux. Pour se faire, il faut qu’une partie de la transformation des produits se realise in situ.
Dans les secteurs comme l’agriculture, le tourisme, les Technologie de l’information et de la communication, la télécommunication, le transport, les services, les assurances, les loisirs et l’inventaire n’est guère exhaustif, il y a des possibilités immenses et en forte croissance.
La terre entière fait les yeux doux à l’Afrique parce que les projections démographiques sont formelles. En 2035, l’Afrique aura plus de forces de travail que la Chine et l’Inde. Ce chiffre doit servir de boussole pour mieux comprendre le potentiel et les atouts indéniables de l’économie du Continent face à la compétition internationale.
Mais pour que cet atout démographique ne se transforme en un véritable boulet, les pays africains doivent vite se défaire de la situation paradoxale qui est la leur actuellement. Celle de pays qui enregistrent les plus fortes croissances du monde sans aucune incidence palpable sur l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations.
#ReporterBéninMonde
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