LE DEFI DEMOGRAPHIQUE EN AFRIQUE EST-IL STRUCTUREL POLITIQUE OU ECONOMIQUE?
Dans un contexte économique plutôt difficile, la question de la croissance démographique peut sembler évidente et ainsi, il y a lieu de s’intéresser aux différentes modalités de son évolution qui peuvent être tributaires entre autres de mesures socio politiques et économiques… Afin de répondre à nos questions dans le cadre de la série en cours sur notre média Reporter Bénin Monde pour contribuer au débat de la limitation des naissances soulevée par l’organisation des assises nationales sur la croissance démographique au Bénin. Richard Boni Ouorou, Économiste et Politologue répond aux questions de Pesce HOUNYO
1- Quel est selon vous le lien entre croissance démographique et croissance économique?
… Il n’y a pas de relation simple ou univoque entre la croissance démographique et la croissance économique, et la nature de cette relation peut varier selon les pays et les périodes de temps.
Richard Boni OUOROU
Réponse: Il existe un lien complexe entre la croissance démographique et la croissance économique. D’une part, une croissance démographique rapide peut stimuler la croissance économique en augmentant la taille du marché intérieur, en créant de nouveaux emplois et en augmentant la demande de biens et de services. D’autre part, une croissance démographique rapide peut également exercer une pression sur les ressources naturelles et sur l’environnement, ce qui peut entraîner des coûts économiques et sociaux importants. (Il me plait de te dire là, que ce n’est pas encore le cas en Afrique et tu en conviens avec moi, mais bon … gardons la nuance)
En outre, la relation entre la croissance démographique et la croissance économique est influencée par de nombreux autres facteurs, tels que le niveau d’éducation de la population, la qualité des institutions publiques, la qualité des infrastructures, les politiques économiques et fiscales, et les conditions économiques mondiales. Par conséquent, il n’y a pas de relation simple ou univoque entre la croissance démographique et la croissance économique, et la nature de cette relation peut varier selon les pays et les périodes de temps.
2- En Afrique, la croissance démographique est-elle EFFECTIVEMENT un problème comme on tend à nous le faire croire ?
La croissance démographique en Afrique peut être un défi, mais elle peut également être une opportunité si elle est gérée de manière efficace et stratégique.
Richard BONI OUOROU, Economiste…
La croissance démographique en Afrique peut être considérée comme un défi pour les pays du continent. En effet, la population africaine est passée de 477 millions en 1980 à plus de 1,3 milliard en 2020, selon les données de la Banque mondiale. Cette croissance rapide de la population peut exercer une pression sur les ressources naturelles, sur les services publics tels que la santé, l’éducation et les infrastructures, et sur l’environnement en général.
Cependant, il est important de noter que la croissance démographique n’est pas nécessairement un problème en soi, mais plutôt la manière dont elle est gérée. Si la croissance démographique est bien gérée, elle peut stimuler la croissance économique, améliorer le bien-être social et contribuer au développement durable. Cela peut être réalisé grâce à des politiques publiques efficaces, telles que des programmes de planification familiale, des investissements dans l’éducation et la santé, et des politiques d’emploi et de développement économique.
En fin de compte, la croissance démographique en Afrique peut être un défi, mais elle peut également être une opportunité si elle est gérée de manière efficace et stratégique.
3- Si on tient compte de la disponibilité des ressources en Afrique, le problème de la croissance démographique n’est-il pas en réalité autre et ne se pose t-il pas plutôt par le manque de formation des jeunes et l’absence d’infrastructures et d’investissement?
En effet , le manque de formation des jeunes, l’absence d’infrastructures et d’investissement peuvent être des facteurs qui ont un impact négatif sur la croissance économique en Afrique, plutôt que la croissance démographique en soi. Dans de nombreux pays africains, le manque d’infrastructures de base telles que les routes, l’électricité, l’eau potable et les télécommunications peut limiter la croissance économique et l’expansion de l’emploi. De plus, le manque d’investissement dans l’éducation, la formation professionnelle et la recherche et développement peut limiter les opportunités économiques pour les jeunes et les travailleurs en général.
En conséquence, les pays africains doivent investir dans les infrastructures de base et dans l’éducation et la formation professionnelle pour renforcer leur capacité à stimuler la croissance économique et à créer des emplois. Ces investissements sont essentiels pour permettre aux jeunes d’acquérir les compétences nécessaires pour occuper des emplois de qualité et pour stimuler l’innovation et la productivité des entreprises.
Il est également important que les politiques publiques africaines soient axées sur la création d’un environnement favorable aux entreprises et à l’investissement, notamment en réduisant les obstacles réglementaires, en améliorant la gestion des finances publiques et en renforçant la transparence et la responsabilité. En fin de compte, une approche intégrée qui prend en compte les besoins en matière d’infrastructures, de compétences et d’environnement économique est essentielle pour relever les défis de la croissance économique en Afrique.
4-En résumé, vous semblez dire que le défi démographique en Afrique est plutôt un défi, structurel, économique et politique , c’est bien ça?
… Les défis économiques et politiques tels que la pauvreté, la corruption, l’instabilité politique et la faiblesse des institutions peuvent également limiter la capacité des pays africains à relever les défis liés à la croissance démographique.
Richard Boni OUOROU, Economiste…
Oui, le défi démographique en Afrique est un défi complexe et multidimensionnel qui comprend des aspects structurels, économiques et politiques. La croissance démographique est souvent associée à des problèmes structurels tels que le manque d’infrastructures de base, le faible niveau d’éducation et de formation professionnelle, ainsi que des problèmes d’accès aux services de santé. Ces défis structurels ont un impact sur la capacité des pays africains à stimuler la croissance économique et à créer des emplois.
De plus, les défis économiques et politiques tels que la pauvreté, la corruption, l’instabilité politique et la faiblesse des institutions peuvent également limiter la capacité des pays africains à relever les défis liés à la croissance démographique. Par exemple, la corruption peut entraver les investissements dans les infrastructures et dans d’autres secteurs clés de l’économie, tandis que l’instabilité politique peut dissuader les investisseurs étrangers et limiter la croissance économique.
En fin de compte, pour relever le défi démographique en Afrique, il est essentiel d’adopter une approche globale qui aborde simultanément les aspects structurels, économiques et politiques du développement. Cela peut inclure des investissements dans les infrastructures de base, l’éducation et la formation professionnelle, la santé et d’autres secteurs clés de l’économie, ainsi que des réformes économiques et institutionnelles visant à améliorer la gouvernance et à renforcer la stabilité politique et économique.
5-Le Benin un pays de 12 millions d’habitants, réfléchit aux défis de sa démographie. Direz-vous qu’il a raison d’adopter cette attitude prospective alors qu’elle dispose d’une superficie de 112622 km2 avec une superficie cultivable de 70500 km2 dont en à peine 25% sont cultivées selon les données mondiales ?
… Des programmes de planification familiale peuvent être mis en place pour aider à mieux gérer la croissance démographique et permettre aux familles qui le désirent, de mieux contrôler leur fécondité.
Richard Boni OUOROU, Economiste
Oui, il est tout à fait approprié ( tout malthusianisme mis de côté ) que le Bénin adopte une attitude prospective en ce qui concerne les défis liés à sa démographie. Une croissance démographique rapide sans des politiques sérieuses dans des domaines clés tels que débattus plus tôt , peut être contreproductif et rendre négatif l’impact de la progression démographique.
En ce sens, et en tant que petit pays avec une population croissante, le Bénin doit prendre des mesures pour gérer sa croissance démographique de manière durable et équitable.
Cela doit inclure des investissements dans l’agriculture, les l’infrastructures pour faciliter les échanges et les services publics pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations, et créer des emplois. De plus, des programmes de planification familiale peuvent être mis en place pour aider à mieux gérer la croissance démographique et permettre aux familles qui le désirent, de mieux contrôler leur fécondité.
En ce qui concerne la superficie cultivable, il est important de noter que la superficie cultivable ne détermine pas nécessairement la capacité d’un pays à nourrir sa population. Des facteurs tels que la productivité agricole, l’accès aux marchés et aux technologies, ainsi que la qualité des infrastructures de soutien, la disponibilité des formations et la création de nouveaux emplois et l’expansion et la préservation des marchés internes sont également importants pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire et par là, la sécurité tout court et augmenter l’espoir pour plus d’effort.
Par conséquent, il serait essentiel que le Bénin adopte une approche intégrée qui aborde simultanément les défis liés à la croissance démographique, à la sécurité alimentaire et au développement économique.
Merci Mr Richard Boni OUOROU d’avoir répondu à nos questions…
REPORTER BENIN MONDE
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